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About
Advertising...
Advertising and merchandising is the practice/technique used to bring causes, opinions, products or services to the notice of the public intending to persuade them to respond in a certain way toward the advertisement. Generally, advertising involves promoting goods or services that are for sale, but similar methods are adopted to encourage people to use the roads safely, to support charities, or vote for political candidates, etc. In most countries a vital source of income for the media (i.e., newspapers, periodicals, magazines and radio or television stations) through which it is published/aired. In the capitalist world, advertising has become a very large and important service industry. Originally the only advertising that existed was conducted by word of mouth. The first step towards modern advertising came with the development of printing in the 15th century. In the 17th century weekly newspapers in London began to advertise, and by the 18th century such advertising was flourishing. The business boom of the 19th century was encouraged growth of the advertising industry. During the 20th century, mainly in the U.S.A., advertising agencies became established. The first being brokers for newspaper space. Later, in the early 1900's ad agencies became involved in actually producing and designing advertising and its message including research, artwork, copying, layout, campaign planning, and advert placement in the various media, Today there are many established advertising media, the oldest and most popular basic form being the newspaper, which has always afforded advertisers large circulation to readerships, in the close vicinity to the advertiser's place of business, and more distant (national and international newspapers). Ads placed using this method could be updated and amended as necessary. Magazines and periodicals are the other main printed medium, which are normally directed towards a more specialised audience (e.g. fishermen, medical personnel or computer enthusiasts) and therfore offer the goods and services offered by appropriate manufacturers and suppliers aimed directly at a readership that is most likely to be interested in these less general categories. Some of the national magazines publish various regional editions, allowing selective targeting of advertisements to geograhical regions. In the more industrial nations the most pervasive media are radio and television commercials, where advertisers purchase short segments of "on-air" time - usually the duration being not more than a minute, except in some countries where radio and television broadcasts are forbidden by the state to broadcast advertisements. Advertising breaks are broadcast during or between regular programs, sometimes determined by the broadcaster and other times decided by the advertiser. The main factors considered by both parties are the ratings (number of listeners or viewers) and the type of audience most likely to be listening or watching. The size of the audience determines price paid, whilst the audience composition is the main deciding factor as to the timing of a certain commercial; thus targeting specific segment of the listening/viewing public. As individuals and companies have become more aware of the value of advertising, more ingenious methods are being implemented day by day. We now even see advertisements drawing your attention to other advertising media (e.g. television and radio commercials suggesting we "log on" to various web sites, where most times advertising again is the prime revenue or sole sponsorship of such sites). Other means of advertising include shop-window adverts, posters, handbills, bill-boards, poster-painted motor vehicles, the internet (with sites such as ours), loudspeakers at outdoor functions, dealer displays (e.g flashing neon signs), and promotional "gimmicks" like beer-mats, calendars, diaries, pens, even matchboxes! Promotional gifts appeal to the customer because they arre normally free, and they appeal to the advertiser because they normally remain in view of the customer (and noticed subconciously) for some considerable time. Skillful media use ensures effective advertising, and agencies engaged in this persuit organise complex strategic campaigns based on consumer behaviour market research and other demographic considerations and analyses. Tactics used in successful campaigns are carefully timed to capture the required audience, and creativity to produce the necessary impact. Advertising allows goods to be mass marketed, which ultimately brings prices down. However, advertisers and agencies normally are confined to a budget which will determine how much, and what type(s) of advertising to be transmitted, and the method to be adopted. As major advertising campaigns can be very costly, very often this gives unfair opportunity to the larger organisations who can best afford such campaigns. This in turn leads to monopolistic situations, sometimes forcing the smaller trader to be unable to compete effectively. In some instances, the powerful advertisers are also in a position to influence the media, maybe even distorting the usual content of their regular programmes. Considerations will then be made as to how many people are to be reached, how often the message is to be sent, which medium is the most appropriate and effective for the commodity or service offered. The power of advertising can determine the success or failure of any venture, as unless a consumer is made aware of what's available, the competitors will acquire the market. One of the main complaints against the use of advertising, from a consumer's point of view, is that the cost is ultimately passed on to the consumer, regardless of whether or not the goods/services are suitable or even wanted! |
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